The Standards of Professionals

While reflecting on the moral questions posed by the statement ‘when a reporter makes a mistake in a magazine article, you can run a correction; but when a health care worker makes a mistake, someone can die’, it is relevant to delve into the idea that some professionals should be held to a higher standard than others. This is not a correct ideology in assuming that morality is more important at any one time or place or by one person over another.Just as the previous reflection on morality revealed the importance of individual sovereignty, the application of this should be noted in that this is the only universal ethic that can and should be placed on all individuals. The strength of this position of moral sovereignty is that each person has a humanistic right and responsibility to follow their ethical reasoning without outside interference. A health care worker is morally responsible for caring for patients in a competent way, but a reporter is just as much affected, if not more so, by individual decision making.Reporters may feel threatened by superiors to report inaccurate news and in doing so this could have intense ramifications for dispensing disinformation. This can lead to character assassination for a political candidate, as one example. The disadvantages of looking at this model, is that as stated previously, the responsibility of a reporter can be held to a higher degree of standards, due to the fact that health care workers are not coerced into saving lives, they simply must. In contrast, reporters must weigh in their journalistic pieces on outside influence, such as their superiors and their audience.Individual sovereignty is still a standard that can be used universally, as the true illustration of a moral and rational actor is the ethical actions taken without influence or coercion in any profession. This means thinking and acting individually with only the altruistic motives of those around this actor in mind. As well, individuals i n all professions can reap the benefits of their right to sovereignty and successful actions while the price to pay, individually, is the effects of their errors. References Joseph Joel., (2003) Business Ethics: An Introduction. New York, Blackwell Publishers.

Answers to queries on Orwell’s 1984 Essay

In the essay Why I Write, Orwell explained that all the serious work he wrote since the Spanish Civil War in 1936 were â€Å"written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism. † (Orwell, 5) What can you add by looking at his life and his mental state when writing the novel? The author wrote the novel in 1947–1948 while critically ill with tuberculosis. The writer himself wrote about the stages of his life leading to the period when he wrote the novel: First I spent five years in an unsuitable profession (the Indian Imperial Police, in Burma), and then I underwent poverty and the sense of failure. This increased my natural hatred of authority and made me for the first time fully aware of the existence of the working classes, and the job in Burma had given me some understanding of the nature of imperialism: but these experiences were not enough to give me an accurate political orientation. Then came Hitler, the Spanish Civil War, etc. By the end of 1935 I had still failed to reach a firm decision (on political position)†¦. † (Orwell, 6 parenthetical interpretation mine. ) What was the world like in 1949 (the immediate post-WW II era) in terms of politics, economics, and particularly the media? After Allied victory, two opposing world views and ideology—capitalism ( that termed itself democracy) and socialism (that called itself the democracy of the working class) characterized the previously unified Allied Forces, the former led by  America, on the latter by the Soviet Union. The two worlds have polarized economic systems: capitalism (which espoused free enterprise) and socialism (which espoused economic central planning). The two blocks also had opposing media philosophy: the so-called free libertarian press, in the tradition of the US revolution, and that of the Marxian school which saw media as the tool of the socialist revolution. This was the cold war era, and the world was politically bipolar: the United States and the Soviet Union were the superpowers. Orwell’ s once mighty Britain had become an impoverished crumbling has-been, even as its newspapers were reporting false triumphs. When he wrote 1984, Orwell saw the betrayal and perversion of socialist ideals in his country, and his hope of â€Å"English Socialism† had crashed. The novel is aimed primarily as a critique against totalitarianism. But what kind? As his dream of â€Å"English Socialism† turned into a monstrous ideology of oppression, Orwell saw its dehumanization even as its source model has become oppressors of the Soviet nations. Many of the characters in the novel in fact are believed to be depicting real figures from the Soviet Union. He was focused on the British socialists but obviously he had the Soviet politburo in mind as well. And he was obviously sure the British-American partnership would be heading towards the same direction. Why is the novel perhaps even more relevant than it when it was first written Al Gore in his Assault on Reason panned against us present-day Americans in our failure to oppose Bush when he led us to a baseless war against Iraq, against the advice of his own policymakers and using fabricated lies. Through the power of the media and the arousal of fear in us, our leader and his media spinners led us to embrace his war without us raising a whimper. (Gore, 2007; Bossard, 2007) He also warned us against any future effort to gag the internet, in the manner China is now doing it—arguing that the internet is our last hope of interactive democratic dialogues through which an informed nation can guard itself against the media and other manipulative technologies of a ruling demagogue. There have been many instances when even the most intelligent of nations have een misled by their leaders—the example of Hitler for the German people, and the recent example of the Philippines (1986) where a dictator ruled for 30 years until a unified people power ended a despotic rule, incidentally American-supported. Initially, warnings of intellectuals like Orwell may be voices in the wilderness in, but as proven by world events, at the appointed time nations would heed them, and people will move against their oppressors. Tell me why you think the novel can be used to teach students about media, history, and what we think we know. What does the book teach us about how to respond to political campaigns and advertising? What does it say about us? Against the backdrop of experience, the novel tells us how revolutions devour their sons and fail their fathers. But what Orwell warns against is the use of our skills as media men in the overall scheme of Big Brother. In the novel, the main character Winston Smith, was a revisionist writer of history who wrote it according to the whim of Big Brother’s officialdom. The propaganda machines of Big Brother were staffed by media professionals. Media churns out materials tainted by political motives. Media people are potential instruments of oppression and deceit. Lastly, how is the novel truthful, original, and human? In Why I Write Orwell said : â€Å"(I write )†¦. because there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing. † (p. 5) Yevgeny Zamyatin’s novel We was a primary influence for 1984. He also included the following as influences of the novel: Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar by Arthur Kostner, The Iron Heel (1908) by Jack London, among other books. (Shelden, 1991) Surname 5 The humanity in this novel rests in its vigorous warning against falling into the trap that will lead humanity to the nightmare of 1984. The inhumanity of its characters ironically dramatically aroused a fear in us, so we its readers recoil in the lost of such human sensibility — which the novel helped recover for us, in its aspiration for a society of equals where people are human beings and not Big Brother robots.

About in katherine mansfield’s miss brill

About in katherine mansfields miss brill In Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"Miss Brill† the reader is given a glimpse into the life of an old English teacher living in France. Miss Brill is an old woman living in exile who enjoys going out every Sunday to listen to the band play in the park and eavesdrop into people’s conversations. Through the use of literary components such as limited 3rd person point of view and characterization, Mansfield explores how one’s self-perspective can be skewed and results in alienation. These literary components make the epiphany at the end of the story more effective. The limited 3rd person point of view is defined as a method of storytelling in which the narrator knows only the thoughts and feelings of a single character, while other characters are presented only externally. This point of view is important to the story so that as the reader will not engage in sympathy with Miss Brill but instead observe her actions as she feigns the happiness in her life. If this story were told in 1st person, the reader would be experiencing the mind of Miss Brill as she leads herself through her fantasy life. For example, the reader would not be able to fully understand that she is viewing the world as an illusion instead of reality. At the beginning of the story, the author introduces a symbol to the readers, Miss Brill’s fur. â€Å"She had taken it out of this box that afternoon, shaken out the moth-powder, given it a good brush, and rubbed the life back into the dim little eyes† â€Å"What has been happening to me?† said the sad little eyes.†(p.84). This fur symbolizes a companionship that is obvious Miss Brill hasn’t had in a very long time. Miss Brill can be described as a dynamic round character. A Dynamic character also know as a round character is a specific type of character or fictional or imagined person in a literary text. A dynamic character is usually one of the main characters, is presented in a complex a nd detailed manner and usually undergoes a significant change in response to the events or circumstances described in the plot. In this story the main character is Miss Brill and the author presents the reader with an indirect description of the main character. Again this is supported by the limited third person point of view. Throughout the story we are given insight into how Miss Brill lives out her lonely life by going to the park every Sunday to eavesdrop into other people’s lives as though she is trying to live vicariously through them. Through this type of description the reader can see that she lives in this world through her own fantasies. Miss Brill does not live in this reality; she lives in the world that she has seemed to have made up on her own. In the paragraph that talks about her reading to the old man â€Å"But suddenly he knew he was having the paper read to him by an actress! â€Å"An actress!† Miss Brill responds by saying â€Å"Yes, I have been a n actress for a long time.†(p.86) so the reader sees she is not actually an actress, but she is trying to create her own reality. In order to be a dynamic character it is important that the character undergoes a dramatic change in response to events. This leads to the next important literary element†¦epiphany.

Does the Sale of Goods Act 1979 Put too Much Emphasis on the Concept Research Paper

Does the Sale of Goods Act 1979 Put too Much Emphasis on the Concept of Property - Research Paper Example The sale of goods within the UK is legally governed and directed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 which has been further amended by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and the sale of Goods and Amendment Act 1995. The Acts specify the duties of the seller and the buyer as the seller is legally bound to deliver the goods, the buyer has to accept and pay for them according to terms of the contract. As the seller should be ready to give possession of the goods to the buyer, the buyer is legally responsible to pay for the goods to take possession of them. These are fundamental duties of the seller and buyer and if one party fails to maintain terms of contract another can sue for damages and cancel the contract. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 has undergone several amendments and changes since its introduction and has become more and more consumer-focused to uphold the quality of goods and buyer rights . ... If the buyer gives the purpose of the purchase, the goods should fit the purpose If the sample is shown to a consumer before selling the specified goods, then the goods should confirm or be similar to the sample shown These are the terms and conditions of the contract and both the seller and the buyer have obligations to maintain these terms of contract5. Any breach of contract can entitle the purchaser to reject the goods and seek reimbursement on the purchase price or even claim damages by taking legal action6. Thus the Act specifies the fact that all traders must sell goods that are as described and shown to the consumer and they should also be of satisfactory quality. If the products do not meet the requirements of the consumer, then the consumer can reject them and claim reimbursement and money back on the goods and they have to do this quickly. The Sale of Goods Act has recently had another amendment and is specified in the Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 20027.              

Manager Profile Short Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manager Profile Short Report - Essay Example I grew up with the company and help set it up from where it is now. Me and my friends just saw this trend a decade ago when companies are breaking up their operations to save on cost. You know, the effect of globalization and stuff. We knew then that with the liberalization of business and the heightened competition brough about by this free trade, it will be inevitable that companies will be looking for somebody who could some of its work better. That is how we came in the business and that is how i came into this position. Question 2: How long have you been in that position? I held this position since this company started, give or take around 12 years. We started around 12 years ago and the company took off 2 years later. Question 3: How is your typical day in the office like? It actually depends. To properly answer that, you have to look first what my role in the company and what my objectives are. First, I am responsible for the continuity of the business and the direction of whe re it is going. I no longer do the overseeing of the day to day operation of the business, I have my managers to do it. To fulfill that function, my day typically begins with a quick browse of my emails and any other communication and documents from our clients, vendors and partners. You see, our clients, vendors and partners operate on different time zones so I have to constantly check any updates from them. That will give me a clearer picture of how the company stands for the day. Then a meeting usually ensues with my manager. Then I make my rounds with employees if time will allow. Again, I go back to the office and do creative things on how we can be more competitive as a business How does that fit in the usual Managerial concepts and functions? You know what is taught in school and stuff. Ah, you mean the planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling stuff. That is pretty much how things are done here and elsewhere only that we don’t call it strictly with such names an ymore. My role involves more on the planning organizing and leading and some creativity. In addition, a portion of my time is also dedicated on assessing the direction of the industry. You see, in IT industry, everything happens so fast and trends changes in a dizzying manner that I have to keep myself updated otherwise our company will become obsolete. When it becomes obsolete, you pretty much know what will happen next. In addition, I also have to keep in touch with our clients, vendors and partners just to have a constant pulse on them. Sort of a liaising thing but more than that because I can make decisions in behalf of the company. It’s a sort of PR thing that you want to give your client a â€Å"feel† that they are being taken cared of. I think your interaction falls on that part. When I already have the bigger picture of the industry, company and clients, that is where planning comes. But I have to know my objectives first, or what would I like to happen. Say fo r example, my objective is to have a zero percent error free, then my planning would involve how am I going to achieve that. Then I call on my managers to organize its implementation. It does not happen immediately. You see, the system and structure of the company has to allow that to happen. It will not happen by balking to everybody that you want your processing error free or telling everybody that is what you want. So I

The Russian revolution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Russian revolution - Coursework Example n such a perspective, the provincial government initially enjoyed massive public support but the failure to work on the land reforms, the people’s greatest popular demand, and their reign diminished as workers and peasants believed only the soviets would provide solutions to their problems (570). The Russian revolution has significant impact on the people and the region. There was significant physical damage in addition to the numerous deaths that resulted from the revolution. For the survivors, post trauma stress disorder remains eminent up to date. The end of the war coincided with the rise of a deadly influenza pandemic, which spread majorly because of the wartime traffic in both land and sea. Under the leadership of Bolshevik and the support of the common people, the soviets attacked the provincial government leading to the cease of the wall as the Americans made an intervention into the war. Other than the American intervention after the end of the war, appropriate measures were put in place in ensuring that any recurrence was not possible. Considering the occurrences of the Russian Revolution, it is evidently clear that the revolution fits the model of political revolutions. First, most political revolutions involve different emerging forces that scramble for power control. In the current state, Petrograd soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Disputes and the provincial government are emerging forces. Additionally, like in most political revolutions, there is the signing of the treaty as a means of cease-fire. The same happens in the Russian Revolution as America’s intervention results in the

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Reading response - Essay Example The Allies were forced to sign off as post First World War the allies were dependent on the United States for not only military and arms but also for fuel, food and other basic requirements. However, only some of the Wilson 14 points made it to acceptance particularly five of them the rest were rejected on the event of being overly ambitious and unrealistic. The impracticality of these points dominated the Great European powers and the experiences of wartime. Apart from the Russian evacuation and the Belgium restoration the other points created more negative vibe than positive effects. For example, the settlement of colonial claims, the French disputed territories; the Italy border adjustments based on nationality etc. all caused more tension and new national disputes rather than solving any problems. Thus not all the points presented by the President were fruitful in generating world peace. The most important point in my view and according to the historical perspective is the last point. ‘Establishment of the League of Nations to secure mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity.’ ("President Wilsons Fourteen Points"). This League of Nations was formed through the start of the Second World War and aimed at diluting national sovereignty and creating global and international government. However, this did not materialize as per the speech but this point was the backbone of the 14 points speech by the President Wilson in

An introduction to internationalizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An introduction to internationalizing - Essay Example Having successfully established itself in the UAE, the firm must consider a target market whose needs and preferences match those of members of the UAE. In the event that the suitable market has a number of diverse groups with different preferences, the firm will need to customize its product to suit these tastes. Moreover, we need to diversify our business portfolio by engaging in business activities that go beyond the company’s current portfolio, for instance, manufacturing of less refined pottery to suit the low income earners in the target market. This will result in the development of higher market pools, therefore, enhancing the firm’s profit margins. The firm should seek areas with a high population of its target market. The global market consists of various environments such as urban and rural environments. These environments each have a distinct bureaucratic process and labor law; it is paramount to avoid markets that have excessive bureaucracy and inflexible and outdated labor laws. Dubai for instance, would be a good market option as it is strategically close to Abu Dhabi, our head office. This market is well served by modern infrastructure; hence transportation of both raw materials and finished products will be easy. Moreover, the market has high market opportunities internally and internationally as it is served by over 170 airlines and 86 shipping lines (Rehman, A.  2007, p.57). This will lead to the firm’s expansion into the international market through exportation opportunities. Moreover, this nation has suitable labor laws and bureaucratic process; it neither has corporate and income taxes nor foreign exchang e controls. In addition to this, Dubai is one of the most economically developed nations, and its population mostly consists of people leading a Cosmopolitan lifestyle, which is our most suitable target market; one that appreciates fine art. The nation is also known to hold top

Swan lake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Swan lake - Essay Example The performance seemed to have been based on expression of the early and the late 1800’s Romantic ballets. The actors’ body movements, their facial expressions as well as the performance costumes, perfectly matched those that were used in during the era of Romantic Ballets of the 1800’s. Apart from the costumes, facial expressions and body movements, the actors also had facial and body make-ups that gave the Swan Lake performance a mood of the late and the 1800’s where, majority of the actors were women, with sharply painted lips, properly defined and eyebrows. On the other hand, men were also decorated with different make-ups that defined their age differences as well as social status. Additionally, the performance had a perfectly coherent classical background music that gave its audience various moods. The music generally gave a feeling of sadness added by the sad facial expression exhibited by some of the actors. In terms of lighting, the performance involved the use of different lighting colors, basically indicating the different moods of the idea passed across by the actors. The lighting was properly integrated with the background music in the sense that when, the music played at a faster frequency, a different background light was flashed. The performance had a happy ending, usually evident in most love stories. This is another feature that gave it a feel of the Romantic ballets that were common in the early and the late 1800’s. In as much as the performance had various features associated with Romantic ballets, the there was too much use of certain colors specifically, the white color that was used majorly by the lady actors. This color was too conspicuous and created a sense of boredom. In addition, there were some dull colors used by the male actors that made the performance quite dull and boring, thus reducing the overall quality of the performance

Vaccination debate Essay Example for Free

Vaccination debate Essay People ought to have a right not to vaccinate their kids, even if refusal to do so puts one’s own kids at risk, along with other people’s children. Do you agree? Childhood immunisation must be one of the most significant public health advances in medical history. Thanks to vaccines, children and teens that have been immunised would not have to experience the abhorrent epidemics like polio, mumps, measles and smallpox the older generations did. While it is safe to assume vaccines are here to stay, critics have presented damning yet unverified accounts of the ineffectiveness and harmful side effects of vaccinations urging parents to second guess their choice to immunise their child. The act of immunisation itself is the process of equipping one’s immune system with an immunological memory by introducing a weakened foreign molecule to the body that orchestrates an immune response that the body later uses to protect itself against an attack by said foreign molecule. Immunisation has been under constant fire since its inception in the late 1700’s with the introduction of the smallpox vaccine. People believed that the smallpox vaccine could literally turn vaccinated people into cows because the vaccination for smallpox was inducted from cows (William and Gunn, 2004): There was a famous Gilray cartoon [of vaccinated people sprouting cow heads in] 1804, which I always interpreted as people just being concerned about the source or purity of the vaccine. But they weren’t. They were concerned that they or their children would actually turn into cows. (Melnick, 2011) This proves that people’s views in regards to the ineffectiveness of immunisa tion are not always logical thus bringing to light the question of whether or not parents should be allowed to decide to or not to vaccinate their children, bearing in mind parental and social responsibilities. Parents should have the right to be aware of all the risks and advantages involved and understand for themselves that the pros far exceed the cons. People tend to be misled, in the scurry to do the best for their children, by other parents and antivaccine activists who base their beliefs on unproven, board dismissed studies and theories. One such theory brought to life by a British gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield who claimed to have discovered a strong co relationship between the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) Vaccine and autism: Wakefield based his conclusions on a case  study of a dozen children who’d been brought to his clinic at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Almost immediately, Wakefield’s research methods and his interpretations, which had been published in the medical journal The Lancet, came under fire. Wakefield’s response was to appeal to the public rather than to his colleagues: The medical establishment was so determined to discredit him, he said, because he threatened their hegemony by taking parents’ concerns seriously. The media took the bait, and despite Wakefield’s lack of proof and his track record of dubious assertions and unverified lab results, they began churning out stories about how a maverick doctor was trying to protect innocent children from corrupt politicians and a rapacious pharmaceutical industry. Within months, vaccination rates across Western Europe began to fall. (Mnookin, 2011) Wakefield’s research was based on a very minuscule percentage of the entire population thus rendering unreliable. Despite the G.M.C’s (General Medical Council) dismissal of his studies, Wakefield utilised the media to manipulate paranoid, confused, gullible parents into depriving their children of the MMR vaccine. As a result, incident rates for two out of the three diseases increased significantly in the UK rising from 56 confirmed cases in 1998 to 449 cases within the first five months of the year 2006 with the first death since 1992. (Asaria and MacMohan, 2006) Since the wake of Wakefield’s MMR-Autism theory, issues have been raised linking thimerosal (a preservative containing ethyl mercury) to the cause of autism. Mercury is a known neurological hazard but the quantity of mercury present in vaccines then were ‘around 50micrograms 0.5 per-ml dose’ (Biba, 2009) which was ‘far short of toxic.’ Although the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) publicly suggested the subtraction of a mercury-based preservative called thimerosal from childhood shots in 1999 (Mnookin, 2011), the CDC has found no relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism after conducting scientific studies. (CDC Factsheet, 2004) (Melnick, 2011)Unsatisfied with the provided information parents tend to overlook proven statistics and rather look to their inner circles or celebrities with no knowledge of the background science, that have been given inappropriate media attention and ‘who have no new or credible data, and for which their assumptions and hypotheses have  been discredited.’ (Poland, 2011) They risk contracting a vaccine preventable disease to avoid a different health issue they believe the vaccinations themselves will cause proving to be a dire lose-lose situation. ‘Such individuals are denialists at best and dangerous at worst.’ In addition to the autism scare, parents also worry about a concept known as ‘immuno- overload.’ This is when some believe, the injection of multiple immunogens (foreign agents) in one vaccine or even spread out, may overwhelm the immune system of a toddler/child. (Hilton, Petticrew and Hunt, 2006). This however isn’t accurate: Children are given vaccines at a young age because this is when they are most vulnerable to certain diseases. Newborn babies are immune to some diseases because they have antibodies given to them from their mothers. However, this immunity only lasts a few months. Further, most young children do not have maternal immunity to diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, tetanus, hepatitis B, or Hib. If a child is not vaccinated and is exposed to a disease, the childs body may not be strong enough to fight the disease. An infant’s immune system is more than ready to respond to the very small number of weakened and killed infectious agents (antige ns) in vaccines. (CDC FAQ) Parents are drawing their own conclusions of the importance of immunisation. They presume certain vaccines are no longer necessary because there is no longer a threat. This is absolutely bogus. It is because of the vaccines the diseases that once swept out children and adults alike in the millions, are now invisible. If even a few parents stop vaccinating their children these diseases could resurface. (Biba, 2009) This generation of the pre-Wakefield, dubious parents, who have mostly been immunised themselves, have not witnessed the true calamity of the diseases the vaccines they withhold from their children, prevent. They have a diminished sense of urgency for vaccination. (Hilton, Petticrew and Hunt, 2006) Instead they choose to believe ‘†¦anti-vaccine books claim that all shots are bad, the diseases arent really anything to fear, and as long as you live a natural and healthy lifestyle, you dont have to worry. I think this is a very irresponsible approach to the vaccine issue. Vaccines are beneficial in ridding our population of both serious and non-serious diseases.’(Sears, 2011) Parents ultimately have a duty towards their children, but also have a social responsibility as a citizen. They have a right to be conscientiously involved in their child’s health and welfare. But as most parents choose to ignore the unbiased scientific studies that have been conducted, consult the internet for vaccine information. Anybody who has access to a computer has the liberty to free float their own thesis’ ridiculous or not, which appease to the parents unsatisfied with factual evidence which has become a serious cause for concern. (Haase, 2012) Combined with the self-reinforcing nature of online communities and a content-starved, cash-poor journalistic culture that gravitates toward neat narratives at the expense of messy truths, this disdain for actualities has led to a world with increasingly porous boundaries between facts and beliefs, a world in which individualized notions of reality, no matter how bizarre or irrational, are repeatedly validated. (Mnookin , 2011) Obviously, the more kids who are vaccinated, the better our country is protected and the less likely it is that any child will die from a disease. Some parents, however, arent willing to risk the very rare side effects of vaccines, so they choose to skip the shots. Their children benefit from herd immunity (the protection of all the vaccinated kids around them) without risking the vaccines themselves. Is this selfish? Perhaps. But as parents you have to decide. (Sears, 2001) Parents may justify their decision to deny their child of immunisation over the illusion that it is for their own good, by riding on the herd immunity for protection. But with more and more parents succumbing to the bystander apathy, the levels of herd immunity thins resulting in ominous consequences. (John and Samuel, 2000) In reference to the question at hand, it is beneficial for the health of society that laws are passed to make compulsory the immunisation of children given the vaccinations are meticulously researched and tested for safety and effectiveness thus disagreeing with the statement provided. Vaccinations are a medical gift to the progressing world and should thus be taken advantage of. If you want to save your child from polio, you can pray or you can inoculate. Choose science. (Sagan, 1997) Bibliography William, S., Gunn, A (2004) The Surgeon’s Word- Vaccination. World Journal of Surgery. DOI:0.1007/s00268-003-7346-4 Melnick, M. ( 2011, February) The Dangers of the Antivaccine Movement. (Conversation with Dr. Paul Offit, chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases and the director of the Vaccine Education Centre at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) Time Magazine Retrieved from: http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2053517,00.html Mnookin, S. (2011) The Panic Virus. New York, NY. Simon and Schuster. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mxqVQQMZzFcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Panic+Virushl=ensa=Xei=jV5FU5yJE8jVkgXogIHwAgved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=The%20Panic%20Virusf=false Asaria, P., MacMahon, E. (2006) Measles in the United Kingdom: Can we eradicate it by 2010? BMJ 333 (7574): 890-5. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38989.445845.7C Biba, E. (2009, October) How to Win an Argument About Vaccines. Wired Magazine Retrieved from: http://www.wired.com/2009/10/ff_waronscience_argument/#corrections CDC Fact Sheet. (2004) MMR vaccine and autism-CDC (measles, mumps, and rubella). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved from: http://www.in.gov/isdh/files/MMR_VaccineAutismFacts.pdf. Poland, G. A. (2011) MMR Vaccine and Autism: Vaccine Nihilism and Postmodern Science. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86(9): 869–871. DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0467 Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257990/?tool=pmcentrezreport=abstract Hilton, S., Petticrew, M., Hunt, K. (2006) ‘Combined Vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body’s immune system’: Parental concerns about vaccine ‘overload’ and ‘immune-vulnerability’. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003 CDC Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/multiplevaccines.html#6 Sears, R. (2011) The Vaccine Book: Making the Right decision for Your Child New York, N. Y, Little, Brown Haase, N., (2012) Parents Trust Other Parents: Lay Vaccination Narratives on the Web May Create Doubt about Vaccination Safety. Sage Publications. DOI: 10.1177/0272989X12445286 John, T. J., Samuel, R. (2000) Herd immunity and herd effect: New insights and definitions. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16 (7): 604-6. DOI:10.1023/A:1007626510002 Sagan, C. (1997) The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballentine Books New York Scheibner, V. (1998) Vaccination: The Hidden Truth (Documentary Video). Taycare Private Limited Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqsT5EoIk8U#t=34

Dorian Gray And Death In Venice Analysis English Literature Essay

Dorian Gray And Death In Venice Analysis English Literature Essay In chapter one I have shown that both Aestheticism and Nietzsche promote art for arts sake and believe that art justifies itself and does not need to have a purpose since art is purpose in itself, the purpose of life. Nietzsche urges artists to look inside themselves and give importance to both the Apollonian, that is, the rational and the Dionysian, that is, the passionate side of their personality. According to him, only by achieving equilibrium between these two opposite and, in the meantime, complementary forces will artists be able to create authentic works of art. This chapter centers on the analysis of The Picture of Dorian Gray and Death in Venice from the Aesthetic and Nietzschean perspective. In both novels, the protagonists are artists that cultivate beauty in their works and lives and that oscillate between the Apollonian and Dionysian. Since Nietzsche points out that both the Apollonian and the Dionysian govern the human existence, I will show how these two forces compet e in each character in their search for beauty. Both Oscar Wilde and Thomas Mann struggled against what was prevalent and what was expected of an artist in their eras. They fought against becoming what Lord Henry criticises in The Picture of Dorian Gray: Modern morality consists in accepting the standard of ones age. I consider that for any man of culture to accept the standard of his age is a form of the grossest immorality (Wilde 92). Wildes new version of the old aestheticism deploys subjectivity, individuality, and the autonomy of art against the supposed objectivity and professionalism of nineteenth century science and its offshoot in literature, that is, realism. In Oscar Wilde, Thomas Mann discovered much of the essential Nietzsche, his furious war on morality and his transvaluation of moral into aesthetic values. As affirmed in The Decay of Lying, Oscar Wildes philosophy on art insists on the fact that art should find perfection in itself, that it has as its object not simple truth, as Victorians expected it to express, but complex beauty. As he points out in the preface of the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, the artist is the creator of beautiful things and those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated (Wilde 5). A common feature of The Portrait of Dorian Gray and Death in Venice is their celebration of beauty in artistic creation. Thus, Lord Henry Wotton believes that Beauty is of the great facts of the world, like sunlight, or spring-time, or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the moon. It has its divine right of sovereignty (Wilde 29) and Aschenbach thinks that nature itself shivers with ecstasy when the mind bows down in homage before beauty (Mann 460). The artists pursuit of beauty constitutes both their inspiration, the purpose of th eir creation and their perdition. Through their celebration of art as a main theme, The Picture of Dorian Gray and Death in Venice share some common points in their analysis of the artist. In his work, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche affirms that artistic creation depends on a collaboration between two opposite forces which he terms the Apollonian and the Dionysian. He believed that true artistic creations have to be generated by people that were not only highly civilised and cultured, but also passionate. According to him, only in the balance of these forces could art arise. Nietzsche described the good artists as maintaining a balance between two forces, the Dionysian, or those associated with the god Dionysus and the Apollonian, those associated with the god Apollo. While Dionysus was the god of fecund nature, spring, regeneration, wine, and intoxication, and orgiastic extravagance, Apollo was the god of light, of form which shapes drives and instincts into clarity and order. While Dionysus was often associated wi th music, a passionate, engrossing art form, Apollo was associated with sculpture, a rigid, detached art form. Like Nietzsche, Oscar Wilde and Thomas Mann believe that the conflict between conscious will and uncontrolled passion, between rationality or morality and passionate art represents a very serious struggle in human existence. This is the reason why the artists trajectory towards death in both fictional works is a descent to either extreme and a failure to maintain equilibrium between these two opposite forces. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, the three major characters, Basil Hallward, Lord Hnry Wotton, and Dorian Gray are at the same time different aesthetes and parts of the same self. In Death in Venice, the poet Gustav von Aschenbach is the only protagonist and artist in the novella, but he has common features with all three different characters from Oscar Wildes novel. Each of these artists, unique in their mode of thinking and personality, undergoes serious changes provoked by factors beyond their control. Aschenbachs resemblance to Basil is manifested in his Apollonian concern with exhausting work. They both believe that hard work leads to perfection and that perfection is the key to the artistic talent. They both reject passion because they think it blocks the pursuit of excellence. Hallwards aestheticism is manifested in his complete devotion to exclusive artistic creations. His ambition and struggle is to become one with his art. He searches in the outside world for the perfect manifestations of his soul and when he finds them, he can create masterpieces by painting them. His fatal misake is that in creating the portrait of Dorian Gray, Basil puts too much of himself into it, (Wilde 18), which Lord Henry criticises for at some point in the novel, by arguing that an artist should create beautiful things, but should nothing of his own life into them (Wilde 25). Gustave von Aschenbach is introduced as the extreme case of the civilised Apollonian, neoclassical artist who becomes a hero of the times given his self-controlled manner of labouring on the edge of exhaustion: Gustave Aschenbach was the poet-spokesman of all those who labour at the edge of exhaustion; of the overburdened, of those who are already worn out but still hold themselves upright; of all our modern moralizers of accomplishment with stunted growth and scanty resources. (Mann 426) He is, thus, the prototypical modern artist. However, the fact that he has spent his entire life without acknowledging his passions and desires foreshadows possible problems in the future because, according to Freud, repressed passions will sooner or later rise to the surface. Thus, he gradually abandons his commitment to Apollo when he first journeys to Venice and, later, when he decides to remain there. He passes beyond balance and reason, substituting beauty for morality, even though the cost of such a choice is death. Far from being fruitful to the artistic purpose of their lives, their vulnerability to the perfect classic beauty of both Dorian Gray and Tadzio overshadows the resulting art itself. Both Basil and Gustaves worlds start revolving around their muses and, unawares, they grow dependent on their presence. Thus, Hallward admits that: I couldnt be happy if I didnt see [Dorian] every day. He is absolutely necessary to me (Wilde 18) and Gustave, once he meets Tadzio, can no longer leave Venice, even though the city does him serious harm: He felt the rapture of his blood, the poignant pleasure, and realized that it was for Tadzios sake the leavetaking had been so hard (Mann 455). The obsessive admiration for the perfect physical beauty is what binds Basil Hallward and Gustave Aschenbach and what leads them towards destruction. Once they discover perfect beauty, the Dionysian force is unleashed and it can hardly be controlled. Both artists worship beauty in their creations. As Aschenbach declares, in almost every artists nature is inborn a wonton and treacherous proneness to side with the beauty that breaks hearts, to single out aristocratic pretensions and pay them homage (Mann 441). The ideal of beauty is represented in The Picture of Dorian Gray and Death in Venice by the youthful Dorian and Tadzio. Basil confesses that Dorian is all my art to me now (Wilde 16) and Gustave decides that [Tadzio] should be in a sense his model, his style should follow the lines of this figure that seemed to him divine (Mann 461). However, the beauty of the two young men is not only a source of artistic inspiration, it very soon starts exerting influence on the artists. Basil argues that [Dorians] personality has suggested me an entirely new manner in art, an entirely new mode of style. I see things differently, I think of them differently. I can now recreate life in a way that was hidden from me before (Wilde 17) and in Aschenbachs case, [Tadzios lovely apparition] was that filled him with content, with joy in life, enriched his stay, and lingered out the row of sunny days that fell into place so pleasantly one behind the other (Mann 457). Once conscious of the serious role beauty plays in their lives, Basil Hallward and Gustave Aschenbach become concerned to hide it, fearful that if they reveal it, they will in fact, unveil their souls. Thus, Basil tells his friend, Lord Henry, that he will not exhibit the portrait, his grand masterpiece, because I will not bare my soul to [the worlds] shallow prying eyes. My heart shall never be put under their microscope. There is too much of myself in the thing, too much of myself (Wilde 18). Aschenbach, too, feels a strange relief because the world sees only the beauty of the completed work and not its origins nor the conditions whence it sprang; since knowledge of the artists inspiration might often but confuse and alarm and so prevent the full effect of its excellence (Mann 461). The tragic ending of Basil and Gustave is a consequence of their inability to find a balance between the Apollonian and the Dionysian sides of their lives. Lord Henry warns the artist that the only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself, with desire for what its monstrous laws have made monstrous and unlawful (Wilde 26). Accustomed to resist any other thoughts than those related to artistic creation, Hallward and Aschenbach find themselves incapable to control their excessive admiration for beauty and they are, therefore, destroyed by it. Lord Henry Wotton is an aesthete of the mind. If Basil is an artist who uses the brush, Lord Henry is an artist who uses words. Lord Henrys philosophy on life and art resembles in a great measure that of Nietzsche, in that they both celebrate the primacy of individual senses and feelings over reason and morality. Lord Henry, like Nietzsche, urges the artist to accept his Dionysian, dark and mysterious world of the instinct, to live his life fully and take advantage of its pleasures, for art is a form of exaggeration, the product of spontaneity: I believe that if one man were to live out his life fully and completely, were to give form to every feeling, expression to every thought, reality to every dream, I believe that the world would gain such a fresh impulse of joy that we would forget all the maladies of medievalism and return to the Hellenic ideal, to something finer, richer than the Hellenic ideal, as it may be. (Wilde 25) Lord Henry, like Nietzsche, believes that the unsatisfactory status of modern art is due to the individuals fear to acknowledge their passions, that is, the Dionysian side of their own selves, and turn them into something beautiful and authentic: The mutilation of the savage has its tragic survival in the self-denial that mars our lives. We are punished for our refusals. Every impulse that we strive to strangle broods in the mind and poison us (Wilde 25). The influence that Lord Henrys philosophy exerts on Dorian Gray can be compared to the influence that the trip to Venice has on Gustave Aschenbach. Both Lord Henry and Venice represent the voice that alerts the repressed side of Dorian and Aschenbach. Both Dorian Gray and Aschenbach change completely when they come in contact with the delightful influence of Lord Henrys magic words and the exoticism of Venice. When he meets Henry Wotton, Dorian feels that the few words that Basils friend had said to him had touched some secret chord that had never been touched before, but that he felt was now vibrating and throbbing to curious pulses (Wilde 26). The perspective of travelling to Venice unleashed in Aschenbach a craving for freedom, release, forgetfulness which the artist admitted to be an impulse towards flight, flight from the spot which was the daily theatre of a rigid, cold and passionate service (Mann 420-421).

King Lear Essay Lear?s descent into madness and his subsequent recognit

In the play King Lear, Madness occupies a central place and is associated with both disorder and insanity. Madness intertwines itself within the thoughts of suicide of many characters that undergo hardships. It is deep within all the characters and is shown in many ways. In Lear’s mind, madness reflects the chaos that has descended upon his kingdom. He is affected by the wheel of fortune as he is stripped of his royalty, to become nothing more than a mad commoner. Lear then learns humility as he is joined by Edgar. Edgar’s artificial insanity contains wisdom for the king to discover along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madness is first introduced in Act 2, when Goneril begins her first stage in demolishing her father’s royal status. She makes him go through what Shakespeare calls the â€Å"Wheel of Fortune† by demanding Lear to cut down his knight count by half from 100 to 50. Lear then attempts to seek refuge from this problem and goes to live with his other daughter, Regan. The conniving sisters take sides with each other in attempts to ruin Lear. Regan conforms with Goneril and orders Lear to deplete his knight count to zero. This gives Lear the opportunity to foreshadow himself going mad in the future. â€Å"O fool, I shall go mad!† (II.iv.287)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of madness is explored in depth in Act 3, as many forms of madness in different characters are found. King Lear in particular is driven to a mad state and is followed by others who have gone ...

Responsibility for Eva Smiths Death :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestly Essays

Responsibility for Eva Smith's Death An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestly, a play, which was first, performed in 1945. The play was set in 1912 before World War I. The play centres’ around the wealthy Birling family. A visit from a mysterious Inspector Goole becomes a horrifying experience for the Birlings’, as they learn that they have all played a part in the suicide of a young girl called Eva Smith. She died by swallowing some strong disinfected in an infirmary. Priestley’s main aim was to encourage people to take responsibility for their actions, not to shift the blame on to others. Although each member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft have had contact with Eva Smith, none of them were aware of the others ´ involvement in the tragedy until the day of the inspector’s visit. He makes each of them aware of the part they had played that lead to her tragic end. The characters each reacted differently to the news and the degree of responsibility contributing to the death varied between them. They all through their selfishness had shown to contribute to Eva Smiths’ decision to kill herself. We must remember it wasn’t a crime. No one should be held responsible. It’s a moral issue. It was not only people that contributed to Eva Smith’s death but her position in the world and the way in which her life worked out. Mr Birling, a wealthy capitalist man, and a ‘rather portentious man,’ was the first person to be investigated. Mr.Birling didn't care about any of his workers, and didn't know them at all, as he says proudly, 'I have a couple of hundred workers under me, who keep changing.’ This clearly showed that there was no personal or business relationship with Eva Smith. Mr. Birling told the Inspector that all the workers had just returned from holiday and had become very restless. They demanded for a pay rise or would go on strike. She was making trouble as Mr Birling said, ‘She had a lot to say, far too much so she had to go.’ Personally, I don’t believe that Mr Birling did anything wrong towards Eva Smith. He only had sacked her from his factory because she had started to cause trouble by demanding higher wages. Anyone in his position would have done the same. Though Mr Birling may sound innocent there is much to judge of his character. He seems to be a very hard man, and shows no regret for dismissing Eva Smith, despite knowing, that if he had sacked her she may still have been alive. The effect of dismissing Eva Smith from her

Family, Marriage, And Gender Roles :: Sociology, Family Values

Family, Marriage, and Gender Roles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the core of American identities and American dreams lies a family. Throughout time, families serve as a connection between the individual and the outside world. The individual's identity, his or her dreams, in large part depend on the family of origin or a family of choice. The individual is shaped through beliefs, values, and assumptions that the family holds about the world and that are based on family member's experiences and collective memory. The family itself, in turn derives its values from the social, cultural, political, and philosophical assumptions and beliefs of the larger, and more dominant culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's modern society, assumptions regarding a family can be very widespread. Ranging from the conservative viewpoint to the more liberal view. The conservative is the more traditional view of the two. Believing that the only true family is the joint relationship of a husband, wife, and children is a thing of the past. Recently an alarming number of unfavorable situations have arisen. These situations range from one-parent families to the inexplicable situation of two partners of the same sex. What happens to a society where the nuclear family is no longer the dominant configuration? Only time will tell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being brought up in a traditional environment, I have very conservative views on the concept of a family. When I was young, my Mother did not work. She would stay at home with me until I was about thirteen years old. I feel that, if possible, a mother should stay home with her children. In my eyes, the main responsibility of a Mother is to furnish her children with as much attention as possible. Without the necessary attention the child will grow up striving for attention, and will do everything in his or her power to receive it. In the model nuclear family, the Father is the individual who is responsible for earning a substantial living. Providing for the family: a home, food, and a sense of security; the Father is an important factor in the up bringing of a family. Unfortunately, many families do not have the luxury of a nuclear family. They must survive on their perseverance, along with a little bit of luck along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our textbook, Moser and Waters accurately depict the essentials of family values. The one essay that seems to support my own set of values is the one entitled Reserve Marriage for Heterosexuals. I feel that a family has nothing to gain by allowing homosexuals to adopt children and start their own families. The essay depicts that children that are raised without a Mother and

Flowchart for a Process Essay

The Pre-Admissions Testing (PAT) department at Good Samaritan Medical Center conducts pre-operative testing on almost every patient scheduled for surgery. The pre-surgical process from start to finish is more time-consuming than it has to be. This paper will identify a specific process, and design a flowchart that gives a visual of the pre-surgical process. The flowchart will show the various factors that affect the design process, and highlight the specific process. By designing a flowchart for the process, the intent is to identify the amount of time, redundancy of calls made to the patient, and initiate ideas to make the process more efficient. Factors Affecting Process Design Factors that affect the process design are 1. Is the patient scheduled as soon as the reservation is received? 2. Is the pre-admissions department notified in a timely manner for next day add- ons? 3. Is the patients contact information correct? Each factor mentioned has a huge impact on the outcome of the pre-admission process. Additional factors that affect the process design are 1. Incorrect spelling of names 2. Incorrect booking status 3. Surgery cancellations and updating surgical schedule in a timely manner Indentified Metric The metrics identified to measure the process is time, efficiency, and productivity. The following data gives a brief description of the daily activities, and the flowchart gives a description of the PAT process. Week# 1 Tuesday – 01/28/13- Scheduled several appointments; two patients showed up for appointments that were not on the schedule and had to be rescheduled due to the schedule being full. Several patients were called two or three times due to lack of communication. Called doctor offices to get correct patient phone numbers. Wednesday- 01/29/13- Had to made several doctor offices to get correct patient phone numbers. Patient was added to the schedule and PAT was not notified. Patients were rushed to come in because he was asked to come in at the last minute. Thursday-01/30/13- Had to call doctors’ offices to get correct phone numbers. Patients arrived that were not on the scheduled and the wait time was over one hour. Patients contacted after their surgery was cancelled because PAT was not notified that the surgery was cancelled. Friday- 01/31/13- Several doctors’ offices had to be contacted to get correct phone numbers. Contacted patients that were added on the schedule. Conversed with scheduling, regarding errors and incorrect information on surgery schedule also mentioned incorrect phone numbers. I work a ten-hour workday and as shown, a large amount of time goes into getting correct phone numbers, rescheduling patients, and re-calling patients that have already been contacted. Due to the inefficiency in the PAT department, the number of patients that are seen on a daily basis are limited. With several minor changes the PAT department could run more efficiently and the employees will have less stress. Pre-Admissions Testing Process Flowchart Missing References – .2 Point When writing academic papers a minimum of one reference should be provided which would be your course text. This demonstrates that you read the course text and can apply it to the topic of the paper. No references indicate a paper that reflects personal opinion only and does not demonstrate application of course concepts covered in the reading material for the week. Week 1 Grading Design a Flowchart for a Process Assignment Content and Development 6 Points| Points Earned6/6| Select a process you perform daily but would like to spend less time doing, such as driving to work. Design a flowchart using an appropriate tool.Comment on the factors that affect the process design. Identify at least one metric to measure the process.Submit your flowchart for the process.| Inez,You have provided: 1. An explanation about the process chosen to improve 2. A flowchart of the process which uses the flow chart symbols appropriately as described in Week 1 readings 3. A discussion about the factors that affect the process design 4. An identification of at least one metric to measure the process that data will be collected against for completion of students Week 5 Statistical Process Control Improvement Plan| Readability and Style 1 Point| Points Earned1/1| The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.| * Central theme/purpose is immediately clear * Structure is clear, logical, and easy to follow| Mechanics 1 Points| Points Earned.8/1| The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space.Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.Spelling is correct.| * Rules of grammar, usage, punctuation are followed * Spelling is correct * APA issue as noted in your assignment – .2 Point| Total 8 Points| Points Earned7.8/8| Chapter 5 Page 154 What Is A Process? A process is any part of an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs that are of greater value to the organization than the original inputs. Page 157 How Is A Process Represented? Often the activities associated with a process affect one another so that it is important to consider the simultaneous performance of a number of activities, all operating at the same time. A good way to start analyzing a process is with a diagram showing the basic elements of a process, typically tasks, flows, and storage areas. Tasks are shown as rectangles, flows as arrows, and the storage of goods or other items as inverted triangles. Sometimes flows through a process can be diverted in multiple directions depending on some condition. Decision points are depicted as a diamond with the different flows running from the points on the diamond. Process Flowchart Example Page 162 How Is The Performance Of A Process Measured?

Alternative Medicine And Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay

Alternate medical specialty is going more widely used, particularly in the United States wellness attention system and it is suggested that more than 80 % of the universe ‘s population usage complementary and alternate medical specialties ( CAMs ) ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . In 2000, a BBC study into the usage of CAM in the United Kingdom showed that one fifth of population had used some signifier of CAM in that twelvemonth ( Ernst & A ; White, 2000 ) . Alternate medical specialty takes the signifier of many methods. There are five chief classs of CAM which include ; alternate medical systems, biologically based therapies, manipulative therapies, mind-body theories and energy therapies ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . The most popular therapies in 2000 were osteopathy, chiropractic, stylostixis, homoeopathy and hypnotherapy ( Ernst & A ; White, 2000 ) . The term â€Å" placebo consequence † is normally used in the literature, but a consistent definition is yet to be agreed on ( Brinkhaus, Pach, Ludtke & A ; Willich, 2008 ) . The Latin definition of the word â€Å" placebo † means â€Å" I will delight † ( Niggemann, & A ; Gruber, 2006 ) which can be described as a positive curative result, happening after intercession of a physiological or psychological response ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and can be dominated by ends, desires, outlooks and associated emotions ( Teixeira, Guedes, Barreto & A ; Martins, 2010 ) . The placebo consequence can be described as a neurophsyiological phenomenon ( Campbell, 2000 ) , and by looking at different illustrations of alternate medical specialty, the biological and psychological accounts of the consequence can be explored.AcupunctureAcupuncture is an ancient signifier of health care and focuses on handling unwellness through stimulation of the organic structure Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs self-healing powers ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) . Acupuncture is based on ancient Chinese medical specialty and works to equilibrate the energy flow, â€Å" qi † , in the human organic structure by infixing acerate leafs into specific points on organic structure called â€Å" acupoints † which are located along â€Å" acmes † , which are the waies of energy in the organic structure ( Goddard, Shen, Steele & A ; Springer, 2005 ) . The effects of stylostixis on hurting can ensue in physiological and/or psychological responses of the organic structure, but grounds suggests there are biological foundations in this therapy ( Lundeberg, & A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . By looking at grounds for statements from a biological and psychological position, one can discourse the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty. Biological Position Surveies utilizing antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) have demonstrated some biological grounds for the usage of stylostixis, proposing that there is more to the therapy than merely a curative consequence ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This can be explained by the activation of certain encephalon countries in the cardinal nervous system ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . With the usage of functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans, there is grounds that when specific points on the organic structure are subjected to acupuncture, there is activation in specific parts of the encephalon. This allows one to distinguish between existent stylostixis and outlook ( Lewith, White & A ; Pariente, 2005 ) , demoing that stylostixis does hold a biological account. The limbic system may besides be involved in the emotional production of laughter and shouting which is common in stylostixis ( Campbell, 2000 ) . Evidence demoing that there is inactivation of the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus during stylostixis, implies that there is a specific function for the limbic system in stylostixis therapy ( Hui, Marina, Liu, Rosen & A ; Kwong, 2010 ) . Hui et Al. ‘s ( 2010 ) work supports the biological foundations in the usage of stylostixis, but besides recognises the of import function of emotion in the therapy, which would supply grounds for the use of the placebo consequence. Lundeberg and Stener-Victorin ( 2002 ) emphasis the importance of biological deductions in effects of stylostixis. They describe how the physiological stimulations of musculus contractions and certain organ maps are similar to effects of exercising, i.e. the release of endogenous opiods and Pitocin in both stylostixis and exercising ( Lundeberg, & A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . Lundeberg ‘s earlier survey with Andersson ( 1995 ) besides found that stylostixis excites the same receptors and afferent nervus fibers in the stirred tissue as in physical exercising ( Andersson & A ; Lundeberg, 1995 ) . Psychological Position Acupuncture is based on the organic structure ‘s self-healing powers ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , so there is ground to reason whether stylostixis effects are merely a psychological ( placebo ) response with small biological account ( Enck, Klosterhalfen & A ; Zipfel, 2010 ) . Goddard et Al. ( 2005 ) depict how the placebo consequence is utilised in therapy, non merely by the esthesis of the needle, but chiefly the attending, compassionate attention, self-awareness and transition of outlooks involved in the process ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Expectation is a cardinal facet of non lone stylostixis, but many other types of alternate medical specialty. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a reappraisal into why people use CAM and found that the chief grounds were ; the patient ‘s deficiency of response to conventional intervention, the patient ‘s petition, belief in efficaciousness and fewer inauspicious effects ( Astin, Marie, Pelletier, Hansen, & A ; Haskell, 1998 ) . It is the belief and outlook of utilizing alternate medical specialties which demonstrates grounds for the placebo consequence, and it is the people with high outlooks about the effects of stylostixis who show more response than those who do non believe in the intervention ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This psychological factor is of import in stylostixis as the effectivity of the intervention and reconstructing the natural flow of critical energy ( Hui et al. , 2010 ) involves bodily centripetal stimulation ( Andersson & A ; Lundberg, 1995 ) and if the patient does non believe in the procedure, they will non experience the same effects ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Other facets of the therapy involve the attending and interaction between the patient and healer. A reappraisal into the increased usage of CAM in the UK showed that one of the factors forcing patients off from conventional wellness attention is the dissatisfaction of the patient-doctor relationship, which attracts people to a more holistic method where the intervention was more individualized ( Little, 2009 ) i.e. in alternate medical specialty. The individualized, manual scrutiny agencies increased communicating between the patient and healer and this societal communicating can be in the signifier of touch. The psychological importance of touch plays a cardinal function in stylostixis and the patient ‘s experience consequences in feelings of improved self-image, increased self-worth and well-being. These positive feelings are what patients base their beliefs about the effectivity of stylostixis on and believe their organic structure is mending ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This shows how alternate medical specialty utilises the placebo consequence where it is the patient ‘s belief that has the greatest impact on the efficiency of the therapy. The ambiance involved in alternate medical specialty plays a function in the result, and consequences show that when patients carry out their ain stylostixis after being taught the process, they report that their ain attempts are less successful than when the healer provides the attention ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This demonstrates once more the importance of psychological factors which provides grounds for the usage of the placebo consequence.HomeopathyHomeopathy falls under the alternate medical systems class of alternate medical specialty ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) and can be defined as â€Å" a curative method utilizing readyings of substances whose effects when administered to healthy topics correspond to the use of the upset ( symptoms, clinical marks, pathological provinces ) in the single patient † ( Swayne, 2002, cited in Ernst, 2005 ) . It is a widely used type of alternate medical specialty and uses the basic premiss that â€Å" like is cured by like † ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathic medical specialty is used with the purpose of exciting a individual ‘s innate capacity for self-regulation and self-healing ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) . By researching the biological and psychological grounds, one can understand the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty. Biological Position Homeopathic medical specialty can be used to supervise internal fluctuations via centripetal feedback through splanchnic or bodily perceptual experience, and patients interpret their feelings as positive or more negative emotional feelings ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This shows support for the biological position for utilizing alternate medical specialty, where patients construe how their internal organic structure province feels, which consequences in the healing procedure. Thompson ( 2010 ) looked into the usage of alternate medical specialty in menopausal adult females and chest malignant neoplastic disease subsisters, and provides grounds that reveals an association between intervention of homeopathic medical specialty and betterment of symptoms and quality of life for the patients ( Thompson, 2010 ) . Thompson discussed the clinical benefits of homoeopathy and concluded that the benefits can non be explained by the hypothesis that the therapy is merely a placebo consequence ( Thompson, 2010 ) . This grounds supports the impression that there is biological grounds behind homoeopathy, nevertheless, compared to acupuncture, there is significantly less grounds for this type of alternate medical specialty. Psychological Position Homeopathy is similar to acupuncture in the manner that the non-specific curative effects of the doctor-patient relationship, the personal intervention and deficiency of inauspicious effects all contribute to making positive outlooks of the therapy ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This relationship between outlook and the consequences of therapy provides grounds that this type of alternate medical specialty uses the placebo consequence, by trusting on patients ‘ beliefs that the therapy will work. Therapists might utilize techniques to reenforce these beliefs by utilizing verbal suggestions during the intervention and making a suited environment. The patient-therapist relationship plays a cardinal function in homeopathic therapy, and the healer can organize powerful confederations with their patients by sharing strong beliefs ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathy is a holistic method and focal points on handling the whole individual, so making non-therapeutic effects will heighten the patients ‘ beliefs that the therapy is mending them. It is besides the belief that the physicians understand the unwellness and the effects of the intervention that enhances the patients ‘ outlooks that the methods will work and therefore will increase their opportunities of recovery ( Margo, 1999 ) . Developing trust and strong relationships could take clip to organize, but over clip patients go more confident in the therapy, which consequences in new beliefs about wellness, unwellness and the organic structure being formed ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) . The grounds shows how the placebo consequence is utilised in homoeopathy by working towards a positive curative result ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and maintained by developing patients ‘ outlooks of the alternate methods of intervention. Research has suggested that many scientists think that the usage and effects of homoeopathy violates natural Torahs and some conclude that any clinical consequence must be a placebo consequence ( Linde et al. , 1997 ) ( Niggemann & A ; Gruber, 2006 ) . However, one must take into consideration that this is simply another manner of looking at the grounds, and there is support for viing theories.To What Extent Does Alternative Medicine Utilise the Placebo Effect?By critically looking into the biological and psychological facets of stylostixis and homoeopathy, the extent to which the placebo consequence is utilised in these methods can be generalised to other types of alternate medical specialty. In footings of the grounds for both sta tements, stylostixis shows valid grounds that there is a biological footing back uping the therapy and surveies utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans have shown that specific encephalon countries are activated when specific acupoints are stimulated ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) ( Lewith, White & A ; Pariente, 2005 ) . Homeopathy besides has a biological footing behind the therapy and research has shown an association between homeopathic intervention and positive effects on patients ‘ wellness and quality of life ( Thompson, 2010 ) . There is a important sum of psychological support for the usage of alternate medical specialty, chiefly because alternate medical specialty is a move off from conventional medical specialty. A motivation for increased usage of alternate medical specialty develops when there is a deficiency of response to conventional intervention. The usage of CAM is prevailing in patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease, multiple induration, malignant neoplastic disease, A back jobs, anxiousness, concerns, and chronic hurting ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) , where there is no specific medical intervention. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) predict that as the general population ages, the incidence of chronic unwellnesss will besides increase, which will take to increased usage of such interventions ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) . Other facets of the effectivity of such interventions are linked to the psychological experience involved. The ambiance, the patient-therapist relationship ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) ( Little, 2009 ) ( Campbell, 2000 ) and the outlooks of the results of alternate therapies ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) ( Margo, 1999 ) ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) are all key in both stylostixis and homoeopathy, which all contribute to the use of the placebo consequence. In decision, holding demonstrated the biological and psychological statements for the usage of the placebo consequence in stylostixis and homoeopathy, one can generalize to alternate medical specialty as a whole and say that the placebo consequence plays an of import function in the effectivity of these signifiers of interventions. There has been a high degree of research into the usage of alternate medical specialties, and although CAMs are widely used across the universe, there are few empirical surveies looking into the safety and efficiency of such interventions ( Tilburt et al. , 2009 ) . This is because alternate medical specialty plants by handling the individual as a whole, and efficiency of such methods rely on outlooks and belief on portion of the patient. This, hence, supports the impression that the placebo consequence plays a important function in the sensed result of alternate processs.Word count – 1959 words

Authoritarian Theory

According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression. The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual's right to freedom of expression. Modern com was born in 1450 into an authoritarian society. A few essential characteristics of this theory is that the states ranked higher than the individual in the scale of the social values. Only through subordinating himself to the state can the individuals achieve his goals and develop his attributes as a civilized citizen or man. As an individual, he can do little, as a member of an organized society, his potential is enormously increased. This means not only that the state ranks higher than an individual, but also that the state has a caretaker function and the individual, a dependant status. The press belonged to the King/Emperor/ Pope, or in some cases, to private individuals who favored and were favored by royalty and authority. The press was the servant of the state. The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.

Levi’s Strauss: a case study from an organizational plan point of view Essay

Levis is undoubtedly one of the most recognizes brand of jeans on the planet. The business found by the Strauss family in 1875, initially manufactured jeans for miners out of tent fabric and canvas. However they later shifted to manufacturing jeans from denim which gained popularity amongst miners during the California gold rush. Strategic elements of an organisational plan The process of developing strategic elements of an organisational plan involves three broad categories. Analysing: Levi’s Strauss analysed its visions, mission objectives and external environments. This meant evaluation of the current market share and its segmentation, product range of competitors and what the company may want to do about it. Decision: From the findings of the analysis, the company had to decide on two main factors. What industries to try and expand into and how to be competitive in those industries. As such Levi commissioned market research agencies to carry out survey and research on the habits and attitudes of its customer base. This was all done with the idea of moving into the higher price clothing market since up until now Levi has mostly produced casual wear of the low price category. After such quantitative surveys the target market was selected. This target market comprised of Independent consumers with expensive tastes looking for classic designs which are not massed produced and rely on individual styling and fitting. It was then decided by Levi to carry out analysis of its target market in order to study their attitudes and behaviour in details so that further plans to enter the specific market segment can be made. It was decided by Levi to avoid direct price wars and as a result Levi decided to charge 10% above the prices of it closest competitors. In order to cater to the classic independent nature of the target market segment, Levi also decided to distribute through quality departmental store chains. The final stage of the decision making process involved carrying out tests for acceptability. This was done through the use of consumer discussion panels led by psychologists and were targeted at seeking out the real motivations behind the way the target market behaved. This led to the understanding that Levi was not just ready to produce classic suits because of the affiliation of its brand identity and value with casual standardised clothes and its strong ties and origins to jeans related clothing. This in turn led to the marketing team to focus on jackets and trousers rather than suits so that it can first overcome its image for casual apparel. Actions : The final step in the process for developing strategic elements for organisational plan involved the process of bringing all that planning and decision making to reality. The decision was made by levi to emphasise mainly on jackets and trousers in its new Tailored Classics line and so the initial idea of suits was dropped before the new line was launched. The organisational plan developed by Levi in order to move into new market segments, mainly the higher priced clothing market when put into effect, showed signs of underperformance. This was mainly because of the decision to abandon the manufacturing of suits based on its acceptability test findings. Those findings convinced the marketers in Levi to accept that Levi was too closely associated with casual only wear and customers were not favourable of the idea of Levi producing classic natured suits of non standardised but custom shape and taste. It was later evident that Tailored Classics failed to achieve its sales targets in the consequent months after its launch. Strategic effects on an organisational plan The implementation process of the organisational plan drawn up by Levi involved implementing its various quantitative and behavorial reseach findings in its final execution of the organisational plan. This meant moving away from its initial decision to produce what the target customer segment wants and manufacturing jackets and trousers instead. The decision was made on the basis of accpetability test results. In order to overcome the underperformance of the Tailored Classics line in its inital few months prices were reduced to meet sales targets which failed critically. The effects of these on the stakeholders was reduced returns for the investors, and a lack of faith in the brands ability to cater to the custom independent classic demand andconseuquential underperformance of the brand hindering its brand expansion. Strategy to communicate organisational plans to key stake holders To come up with an workable plan, the Levi public relations had to work through a sequence of steps. The first of such steps was setting out a communication objective. Ideally, whatever the objective is , it is best effective if its specific, measurable,achievable and realistic. The communications objective for Levi was to convey to the customer that levi is able to make a good suit when they put their mind to it despite its origins being in the jeans manufacturing industry and its past history of mostly casual only clothes. Secondly The Levi staff had to come up with a key message to its stake holders. The most important stakeholders group, the consumers themselves were made aware of the message with the help of the name for the new line â€Å"Tailored Classic†. This conveyed the idea that Levi is engaging in the manufacturing of non standardised custom classic wear that were more tailored to the customers individual need. Having decided upon the overriding key message each seprate group of stakeholders were prioritised and a seperate key message was set for them in order to make sure that most of the stakeholders were addressed and no one felt left out despite the aim of targetting the new line at the higher prices market. Different communications tactics had to be developed for each of the stake holders groups, ranging from the consumer, the media, the investors and the donors and volunteers involved with Levi. Finally the budgets and responsibilities were decided upon by the Levi directors based on their surveys and were allocated amongst its different departments and staff. Evaluation: Following all the steps regarding implementation of the strategic elements of the organisational plan and the process of communicating with the various stakeholders, Levi had to ensure that it was wrking to achieve the objective set. And depending on the results of the various surveys and research, starting from the consumer behaviour patterns and spending habits, the analysis of its target customer segment and finally the acceptability test of its new line before its launch all in term one by one allowed levi to review and change its key messages, communication tactics and finally its objectives. Ths led to the final decision to focus mostly on the jackets and trousers market rather than the tailored suits market because of the lack of the consumer confidence in Levi’s ability to produce tailored suits that meets individual reuqirements. Overall the assessment and evaluation process contributed to a great extent in the final decision to introduce the new line in a much differ ent form than intitally percieved.

Expository Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expository Writing - Assignment Example According to research conducted, students taking such a short intensive course are better equipped to handle the work at hand because they get first hand concentration and attention by the teachers and instructors and thus are able to recall their work as well as revise and learn better. â€Å"Concentrating classroom time in the intensive course enhances group cohesion, showing a significantly higher degree of group-building communication by peers in relation to group-building communication by the teacher than in the standard format course.† (Takeda, H) However, at the same time, disadvantages like less retention of information over a long period of time have been shown with students pursuing such intensive courses. Furthermore, there is a great amount of pressure on the student as well as the instructor in order to complete the syllabus on time. Thus, in order to counter such pressure, a number of tips have also been provided within the article which has proven to be quite ha ndy, like creating a classroom rapport and having the students focus on a single class rather than taking too many subjects at once. As per popularity, the use of such a short intensive will continue into the future and tips like grading quickly, assessing teachers, and following drop date approaches all help to get the studying done in an exceptional manner for the students. Assignment 2: The topic for research for the second assignment is â€Å"Leadership.† This topic will help me to write and understand articles on the basis of how leadership plays a vital role in any business organization and how it helps greatly in achieving the organisational goals. With the help of articles on the basis of motivation, skill and perseverance, leadership can be understood as the key tool in the formation and running of any company or firm. Various sources ranging from published works by renowned companies as well as historical texts written on how leadership was used in various ways to m otivate and instil a sense of affiliation as well as pride within the people working under or serving great leaders. Assignment 3: RESEARCH TOPIC: LEADERSHIP Source Definitions/ key terms Focus of study (subjects, participants, type of college, purpose of study) Methodology Findings Personal reflections Seltzer, J. (1990). Transformational Leadership: Beyond Initiation and Consideration.  Journal of Management,  16(4) Leadership, management The main focus of study within this article was to find information regarding transformational leadership and how the same has helped in understanding leadership effectiveness and satisfaction in variants of subordinates. The research that was gathered used analysis using subordinates and statistics to find out information regarding transformational leadership. This article has made use of leader ratings by one subordinate and outcome ratings by a second subordinate, largely confirms the augmentation effect that has been talked about within t he article with the help of leadership attributes. There was disconfirmation for the effect on reported extra effort, suggesting that the relation of transformational leadership to subordinate's extra effort is a dyadic rather than a group effect. This article was

Case analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case analysis - Assignment Example For example, in 2010 the company recorded low profits for the holiday quarter. The management blamed the sluggish global economy for the decrease in profits. Additionally, the Wal-Mart’s management argued that the cuts in food stamps would have a negative impact on the profits. They further singled out high taxation, reduce in government benefits, and tighter credit as threats to the store’s profits. 4. The store evolves around with social trends. For instance, Wal-Mart’s top management has embraced online shopping. Additionally, the business goes in line with the customers’ demand for healthier foods. However, Wal-Mart did not embrace the use of technology early. The store’s founder, Sam Walton, did not care about technology. Currently, the store’s website is behind its competitors. Their marketing in the social media did not yield much success. The alternative is for the store to give the best customer experience to its customers and hire employees that would give better service to the customers. Additionally, they have to make their business more attractive by making classy colors inside the store. Furthermore, the store has to give low prices to their goods. An improvement in the store’s public image will be a sign that they have improved the customer experience. If there will be an increase in the number of customers, it will be evident the store has reduced its prices and the goods are more affordable to all. A general rise in the profits will indicate the store has implemented all its alternatives. The company will be in the right direction if it improves the customer experience. However, no one can fulfill human wants because they are insatiable. Additionally, a reduction in price in order to attract more customers would hurt the store’s profits. The paper recommends the store to open more branches. It will make the store become more popular globally. The management should consider more

The place of music in my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The place of music in my life - Essay Example I was born in China in a city called Ningbo in the northeastern of the Zhejiang province. Ningbo is a vibrant Hemudu Cultural Center dating Centuries back. In this culture, music is an essential ingredient only next to the martial arts. The two forms the way of life in the Ningbo neighborhood and China at large. However, at the age of ten my parents had to move to yet another cultural city of China called Hangzhou, the biggest and capital city of Zhejiang province in the east of China. With inspiration from the big cultural dances and dominance of the local music, I embraced the culture by accepting its lessons and joined the band. The lessons that I have learned and the life experiences have not only formed an excellent source inspiration but also fundamentally a source of motivation in my studies. In the spirit to venture more to music, I joined Hangzhou Foreign Language School for middle school. I sought this as a source of prosperity in the future study. In this, I ignored other choices that I was being pressurized into, for instance, my father wanted me to be a physician just like him. However, as the majority of the Chinese, my family embraces culture as the way of life so does everything that comes with culture. I knew language could give me more insight to music, especially the international music. This is why when I got a chance in as an international student I knew music would form a significant part of my life. It developed an opportunity to transform me from my music genre of choice.

History113 - Research essay on the Great war Researching and Arguing Term Paper

History113 - Research essay on the Great war Researching and Arguing From an Idea - Term Paper Example Those people who win from any war are given more attention than even those who survive to give the accounts of what happened. This idea matters to others since they have to understand that war is not a game of losers or winners, but those who survive are the most important since they will live to give the testimony of what happened. This matter also matters to others since they have to change their mind on the conception they have about history and war, giving example of the Great War. The methodology that I will use in this paper is continuity and change. The Great War is also referred as the First World War. The war started in 1914 to 1918, and it was triggered by some greed for power by some European countries (Kenneth 2005). The nations which were involved in the war all had some interest since some were in support of their friend nations while others were in need of territory, great empire and wealth. During the war there was signing of some treaties between some countries where they had to support each other even in times of war. In this war, Russia, Britain and France were one side meaning they were allies and on the other side was Turkey, Australia and Germany. After some time, the war was uncontrollable and it spread out of Europe where the United States in 1917, had to intervene (Keynes 1973). The war began on the 28th of July 1914 when Australia which is also known as Hungary declared war on Serbia. Other countries joined in the war since they had signed some treaties to support each other in times of war. The worst thing of all is that six million people both innocent citizens and the armies lost their lives (Keegan 1980). For one, no one would want or wish what happened the period between 1914 and 1918 to be repeated. This is because; there is no one who enjoys when there is war. When there is war, there is no peace and most of people lose their lives and their properties. The other effect

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia Essay

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia - Essay Example The most commonly discussed frames of references for analyzing the employee relations include the unitary and pluralist perspectives. These two concepts bear contrasting differences with respect to each other and help the management deal with situations and conflicts in an effective manner. This paper shall discuss the workplace relations in Australia with respect to the unitary and pluralist frames of reference. 2. Differences between Unitary and Pluralist Perspective The unitary perspective includes the concept of shared goals and unified vision among all the employees and employers. According to Agarwal (2008), the believers of this perspective are under the impression that success can be attained only if the members of the organization possess the same views and business objectives, in spite of their differing job descriptions and nature of tasks. Whereas according to Edwards (2003); some school of thoughts believe that unitary frame of reference bears minimal degree of practical ity for most situations since it holds the assumption that all employees are loyal to the organization and the management makes all decisions in accordance with the best interests of their employees. Such organizations do not promote the concept of trade unions, rather stress on the efforts involving team building and management. Trade unions are discouraged so that the probability of occurrence of conflicts is minimized. Budd and Bhave (2006) explained that any conflicts that may arise in the organization will be simply an outcome of poor management or misunderstanding, rather than conflict of interests. In the modern times, human resources management has taken over to monitor the employee relations of organizations. On the contrary, pluralist frame of reference caters the self-interests of employees that might cause competition and motivation of fulfillment of personal goals more than harmony and common interests. Individuals with common goals and interests may develop unions to s upport each other in the presence of conflicts. Edwards (2003) stated that whenever different sources of authority are present, the probability of greater conflicts is witnessed. Some of the conflicts of interests might arise due to the employees’ demand for higher salaries and employers’ demand for lower wages etc. The conflict of interests creates dissimilar visions and objectives and thus, ends up affecting the productivity and revenues of the organization. The management (of such frame of reference) is often witnessed to serve more time in coordination and motivating employees, rather than controlling and improvising. 3. Workplace Relations in Australia Australia is counted amongst the regions that had been under the affect of plurality frame of reference since the initial years of the twentieth century. This was the time when unions played a vital role in influencing the structure of the employee and industrial relations. Leigh (2005) provided an estimate to highl ight the degree of integration of unions in Australia at that time; at least 2 from 5 employees were known to be a part of some union in their organization. The gradual introduction of policies and systems by the government caused changes in the traditional structure of Australian employee relations; their intervention has resulted in the

Workers and the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workers and the Economy - Essay Example Leaders of trade unions bargain with the employers and negotiate on the labor contracts on behalf of the members. For Trade unions to be strong and effective, they must attain certain modes of equality, democracy, and even ecological sustainability to ensure fair shares of resources (Coulter, 2014). Trade unions should enhance democracy through union democracy. Union democracy is the governance of any trade unions. Union democracy should ensure equality during elections and also quality and fair elections. Union democracy should also ensure that the executives of that union are representing the interests of the members accurately. Trade unions should, therefore, aspire to create a democratic society because it helps build an independent civil society. An independent society helps the people and members of the union make decisions on the leaders they want (Coulter, 2014). Democracy also helps the leaders to represent the members’ interests, needs and wants. Union democracy is also very important since it aids and trains people on how they should speak for themselves and also express confidence in their communities. A democratic union makes its members free to talk to their leaders about their needs and interests. It helps the members to have a voice in the leadership of t heir unions because they can challenge any authority. Since democracy is a system of ruling that is based on a government of the people, by the people and for the people, it protects the people’s freedom and interests. Democracy is also very crucial as it helps to control the leaders of the trade unions. Democracy prevents the leaders from abusing the power that is bestowed on them and using the leadership positions for their gains. Trade unions should embrace democracy as it avoids autocratic leadership and encourages popular participation (Coulter, 2014). All the members of the union, therefore, have equal opportunities to become informed and are